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Protest and dissent in China
In spite of restrictions on freedom of association and of speech, a wide variety of protests and dissident movements have proliferated in China, particularly in the decades since the death of Mao Zedong. Among the most notable of these were the 1959 Tibetan uprising against Communist Party rule, the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, which was put down with military force, and the 25 April 1999 demonstration by 10,000 Falun Gong practitioners at Zhongnanhai. Protesters and dissidents in China espouse a wide variety of grievances, including but not limited to corruption, forced evictions, unpaid wages, human rights abuses, environmental degradation, ethnic protests, petitioning for religious freedom and civil liberties, protests against one-party rule, as well as nationalist protests against foreign countries.
The number of annual protests has grown steadily since the early 1990s, from approximately 8700 “mass group incidents” in 1993〔Murray Scot Tanner, ("China Rethinks Unrest" ), The Washington Quarterly, Summer 2004.〕 to over 87,000 in 2005.〔The Economist, (“Protest in China: The Cauldron Boils” ), 29 September 2005.〕 In 2006, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences estimated the number of annual mass incidents to exceed 90,000, and Chinese sociology professor Sun Liping estimated 180,000 incidents in 2010.〔Will Freeman, ('The accuracy of China's 'mass incidents' ), ''Financial Times'', 2 March 2010.〕
Mass incidents are defined broadly as "planned or impromptu gathering that forms because of internal contradictions", and can include public speeches or demonstrations, physical clashes, public airings of grievances, and other group behaviors that are seen as disrupting social stability.〔Tao Ran, (China's land grab is undermining grassroots democracy ), The Guardian, 16 December 2011.〕
Despite the increase in protests, some scholars have argued that they may not pose an existential threat to Communist Party rule because they lack “connective tissue;”〔David Shambaugh, China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation, (Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2008) p 32.〕 the preponderance of protests in China are aimed at local-level officials, and only a select few dissident movements seek systemic change.〔Wright, Teresa. Accepting Authoritarianism: State-Society Relations in China’s Reform Era. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010)〕
==Background and Causes==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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